Babesia research: biology, diagnosis, treatment, persistence, resistance and experimental therapies.

High-level review of parasite biology, transmission, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, immunity, diagnosis and treatment.

Detailed review with extensive discussion of human disease and pathogenesis.

Evidence-graded recommendations for smear/PCR confirmation, antibody interpretation, treatment, exchange transfusion and monitoring.

Current U.S. public-health summary of standard therapy and management considerations.

Randomized trial showing similar efficacy to clindamycin/quinine in uncomplicated disease with substantially fewer reported adverse effects.

Case-control study identifying B-cell dysfunction, rituximab exposure and splenectomy as major features of persistent/relapsing cases.

Molecular evidence linking treatment failure with mutations in cytochrome b and ribosomal protein L4.

Five-patient case series examining tafenoquine-containing regimens in highly immunocompromised people with difficult relapsing disease.

In-vitro testing of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Japanese knotweed and related compounds.

In-vitro activity across several Babesia species plus a B. microti mouse model.

Important counterevidence showing lack of benefit under that experimental protocol.

Mechanistic human-cell study showing activation of antioxidant-response pathways after exposure to ozonated serum; not a Babesia treatment trial.

Experimental protozoal inactivation study in water. Relevant to ozone's chemical reactivity, but not evidence that medical ozone treats intraerythrocytic Babesia in humans.